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(Redirected from NSC-68)
United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, better known as NSC68, was a 66-page top secret National Security Council (NSC) policy paper drafted by the Department of State and Department of Defense and presented to President Harry S. Truman on 7 April 1950. It was one of the most important American policy statements of the Cold War. In the words of scholar Ernest R. May, NSC68 'provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s.' NSC68 and its subsequent amplifications advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the rollback of global Communist expansion a high priority. NSC68 rejected the alternative policies of friendly détente and containment of the Soviet Union.[1]
Historical background[edit]
By 1950, events dictated the need to examine U.S. national security policies: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was operational, military assistance for European allies had begun, the Soviet Union had detonated an atomic bomb and the communists had solidified their control of China. In addition, a British sterling-dollar crisis in the summer of 1949 had brought home to U.S. officials that the Marshall Plan would not suffice to cure Western European economic ills by 1952, the Plan's scheduled end year, with the prospect that Western Europe would have no choice but to pursue autarky, as it had in the 1930s, with all the attendant difficulties that would pose for the world economy generally and the U.S. economy particularly.[2] Similar problems were also plaguing Japan.[3] With these threats to the U.S. and its allies expanding, on 31 January 1950 President Truman directed the Department of State and Department of Defense 'to undertake a reexamination of our objectives in peace and war and of the effect of these objectives on our strategic plans.' A State-Defense Policy Review Group was set up under the chairmanship of Paul Nitze of the State Department.[4]
Nitze, an advocate of rollback, ensured that only the most severe claims about the Soviet Union were cited in the document. The analysis of top Kremlin experts like George Kennan, Llewellyn Thompson, and Charles Bohlen, were categorically omitted. The Kennan-Thompson-Bohlen group maintained that Stalin's principle goal was to secure tight control of the USSR and its satellites, but that he had no plan to seek global domination (an assessment shared by most historians today). Nitze however, contended that the Soviets were determined to conquer the whole of Europe and most of Asia and Africa. Dean Acheson, another hawkish adviser to Truman, wrote that the purpose of NSC 68 was to 'so bludgeon the mind of top government that not only could the president make a decision, but that the decision could be carried out.' [5]
The Defense Department representatives on the committee initially resisted proposals that would exceed the existing $12.5 billion ceiling on defense spending.[6]
The report, designated NSC68, was presented to President Truman on 7 April 1950, who passed it on to the NSC for further consideration on 12 April 1950.[7]
NSC Study Group:
- Paul Nitze, Chair
- John P. Davis
- Robert Tufts
- Robert Hooker
- Major General Truman Landon, Joint Chiefs Representative
- Samuel S. Butano
- Robert Lovett, Deputy Secretary of Defense
Originally, President Truman did not support NSC68 when it was brought to him in 1950. He believed that it was not specific about which programs would be affected or changed and it also didn't go well with his previous defense spending limits. Truman sent it back for further review until he finally approved it in 1951.[8]
The document outlined the de facto national security strategy of the United States for that time (although it was not an official National Security Strategy in the form we know today) and analyzed the capabilities of the Soviet Union and of the United States of America from military, economic, political, and psychological standpoints.
NSC68 described the challenges facing the United States in cataclysmic terms. 'The issues that face us are momentous,' the document stated, 'involving the fulfillment or destruction not only of this Republic but of civilization itself.'[9]
Content and meaning[edit]
NSC68 saw the goals and aims of the United States as sound, yet poorly implemented, calling 'present programs and plans.. dangerously inadequate'.[10] Although George F. Kennan's theory of containment articulated a multifaceted approach for U.S. foreign policy in response to the perceived Soviet threat, the report recommended policies that emphasized military over diplomatic action. Kennan's influential 1947 'X' article advocated a policy of containment towards the Soviet Union. It described containment as 'a policy of calculated and gradual coercion' and called for significant peacetime military spending, in which the U.S. possessed 'superior overall power' 'in dependable combination with other like-minded nations.' In particular, it called for a military capable of
- Defending the Western Hemisphere and essential allied areas so that their war-making capabilities can be developed;
- Providing and protecting a mobilization base while the offensive forces required for victory were being built up;
- Conducting offensive operations to destroy vital elements of the Soviet war-making capacity, and to keep the enemy off balance until the full offensive strength of the United States and its allies can be brought to bear;
- Defending and maintaining the lines of communication and base areas necessary to the execution of the above tasks; and
- Providing such aid to allies as is essential to the execution of their role in the above tasks.
NSC68 itself did not contain any specific cost estimates at a time when the United States was committing six to seven percent of its GNP to defense. It was evident that the limits the President had previously set on defense spending were too low. The report called for tripling defense spending to $40 or $50 billion per year from the original $13 billion set for 1950.[11] It specified a reduction of taxes and a 'reduction of Federal expenditures for purposes other than defense and foreign assistance, if necessary by the deferment of certain desirable programs',[10] as a means for paying for it. However, several officials involved in the preparation of the study, including the future chairman of the president's Council of Economic RelationsLeon Keyserling, suggested that the massive increase in military spending could be afforded by deliberate acceptance of government deficits, which would have the added benefit of energising and stimulating parts of the American economy, as it did after 1930.[12] Indeed, the document does note that achieving a high gross national product “might itself be aided by a build-up of the economic and military strength of the United States…”,[10] and the Deputy Secretary of DefenseRobert Lovett also suggested that the American economy 'might benefit from the kind of build-up we are suggesting'.[13]
Relation to U.S. foreign policy[edit]
The argument is made that if the Soviet sphere of influence continues to grow, it may become such a powerful force, that no coalition of nations could band together and defeat it. The implication was that militarization is needed for American self-preservation. In other words, the aggressive nature of Soviet expansion required a strong response from the U.S. to prevent the destruction of America. This was phrased in a context of military exploits (referring to the military victory in World War I and World War II), and therefore emphasized military expansion.
Also crucial in understanding this document is the language. Primary sources must be read carefully to recognize themes or motifs. Adjectives provide valuable insight into the motives of this document's authors, and the impression it had on its intended audience. An example is the description of the international situation, as provoked by the Soviet Union, as endemic. By using this language, it is clear that the authors wished to portray the Soviet Union as a sickness, and the U.S. as the cure. This message was received loud and clear, and dominated many foreign policy decisions throughout the Cold War.
Internal debate[edit]
NSC68 drew some criticism from senior government officials who believed the Cold War was being escalated unnecessarily. When the report was sent to top officials in the Truman administration for review before its official delivery to the President, many of them scoffed at its arguments. Willard Thorp questioned its contention that the 'USSR is steadily reducing the discrepancy between its overall economic strength and that of the United States.' Thorp argued: 'I do not feel that this position is demonstrated, but rather the reverse.. The actual gap is widening in our favor.' He pointed out that in 1949 the US economy had increased twofold over that of the Soviet Union. Steel production in the US outpaced the Soviet Union by 2 million tons; stockpiling of goods and oil production both far exceeded Soviet amounts. As for Soviet military investment, Thorp was skeptical that the USSR was committing such large portion of its GDP: 'I suspect a larger portion of Soviet investment went into housing.' William Schaub of the Bureau of the Budget was particularly harsh, believing that 'in every arena,' the Air Force, the Army, the Navy, the stockpiling of atomic bombs, the economy, the US was far superior to the Soviet Union. Kennan, although 'father' of the containment policy, also disagreed with the document, particularly its call for massive rearmament (FRUS, 1950, Vol. I).
Truman's position[edit]
President Harry S. Truman, even after the Soviets became a nuclear power, sought to curb military spending. However, he did not reject the recommendations of NSC68 out of hand, but instead requesting more information i.e. asking for an estimate of the costs involved. In the ensuing two months, little progress was made on the report. By June, Nitze had practically given up on it. But on 25 June 1950, North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel north.[14] With the Korean War begun, NSC68 took on new importance. As Acheson later remarked: 'Korea.. created the stimulus which made action.'[15]
Public opinion[edit]
The Truman Administration began a nationwide public relations campaign to convince Congress and opinion-setters of the need for strategic rearmament and containment of Soviet communism. It had to overcome isolationists, including Senator Robert A. Taft, who wanted less world involvement, as well as intense anti-Communists such as James Burnham who proposed an alternative strategy of rollback that would eliminate Communism or perhaps launch a preemptive war. The State Department and the White House used the North Korean attack of June 1950 and the see-saw battles during the first few months of the Korean War to steer congressional and public opinion toward a course of rearmament between the two poles of preventive war and isolationism.[16]
Historical debate[edit]
NSC68 is a source of much historical debate as is the escalation of the Cold War. As Ken Young, a historian of the early Cold War period, has stated, 'The report has been subject to continuous analysis and commentary .. Even though NSC 68 appeared in the midpoint of the twentieth century, it retains singular meaning in the 21st.'[17]
It was an important part of an overall shift in American foreign policy to a comprehensive containment strategy that was confirmed by successive administrations. In 1962 scholar Paul Y. Hammond presented the first detailed, contemporary, interviews-based account of the formation of NSC68.[17] Subsequent analyses range from Michael Hogan's belief that NSC68 portrayed the threat 'in the worst light possible' to those believing provided an accurate picture of a genuine and growing threat.
Cold War expert Melvyn Leffler describes the characterization of the Soviet threat in the document as 'hyperbolic' and a precursor to contemporary rhetoric on the 'war on terror.' He claims the language 'blurred important distinctions, distorted priorities and complicated threat perception.' [18]
Cold War scholar Bruce Cumings has made a circumstantial case that American and South Korean elites instigated the Korean War in order to promote the aggressive strategy of NSC 68 to the president and public, and thereby cement American capitalist dominance in Asia.[19]
Conclusion[edit]
This document is critical to understanding the Cold War with its effect on similar national security pronouncements such as President George W. Bush's announcement of a 'War on Terror' in September 2001 and the National Security Strategy document of 2002.[17] It is not only related to documents such as the National Security Strategy March 2005, but also provides insight to current US foreign policy.[20][failed verification] Implementation of NSC68 shows the extent to which it marked a 'shift' in US policy — not only toward the USSR, but toward all communist governments. By signing the document, Truman provided a clearly defined and coherent US policy that did not really exist previously. Furthermore, it can be argued that NSC68, as proposed by the council, addressed Truman's problem of being attacked from the right following the 'red scare' and Alger Hiss case. Although not made public, NSC68 was manifested in subsequent increases in America's conventional and nuclear capabilities, thereby adding to the country's financial burden. While NSC68 did not make any specific recommendations regarding the proposed increase in defense expenditures, the Truman Administration almost tripled defense spending as a percentage of the gross domestic product between 1950 and 1953 (from 5 to 14.2 percent).[21]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Walter L. Hixson, 'What Was the Cold War and How Did We Win It?' Reviews in American History (1994) 22#3 pp. 507-511 in JSTOR
- ^Curt Cardwell, NSC 68 and the Political Economy of the Early Cold War (Cambridge, 2011).
- ^William S. Borden, The Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japanese Trade policy, 1947–1955 (Wisconsin, 1984)
- ^Paul H Nitze, S Nelson Drew, Ed., NSC-68: Forging the Strategy of Containment, Brief Chronology, pp. 17–9.
- ^Mitchell, Gordon R. 'BY 'ANY MEASURES' NECESSARY: NSC-68 AND COLD WAR ROOTS OF THE 2002 NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY'. Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh.
- ^Block, Fred L. 'The Origins of International..' Google Books. 28 April 2010. Web. 29 April 2010.
- ^Paul H Nitze, S Nelson Drew, Ed., NSC-68: Forging the Strategy of Containment, Brief Chronology, pp. 17–9.
- ^Paul H. Nitze, S. Nelson Drew, Ed., NCS-68: Forging the Strategy of Containment, p. 6, National Defense University, Washington DC: 1994.
- ^Alfred Andrea and James Overfield, eds. (2011). The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500. Cengage Learning. pp. 471–74. ISBN978-0495913085.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ^ abc'United States Objectives and Programs for National Security - NSC 68', 14 April 1950. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers.
- ^Bowie, Robert R.; Immerman, Richard H. (2000). Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. Oxford UP. p. 17. ISBN9780195140484.
- ^Craig, Campbell., Logevall, F. (2012). America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp.113-114
- ^Craig, Campbell., Logevall, F. (2012). America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p.114
- ^Matray, Truman Library.
- ^Princeton Seminars, 10 October 1950, reel 2, track 2, p. 15, Acheson Papers, Truman Library, Independence, Missouri
- ^Steven Casey, 'Selling NSC-68: The Truman Administration, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Mobilization, 1950-51.' Diplomatic History 2005 29(4): 655-690. ISSN0145-2096 Fulltext: Ebsco
- ^ abcYoung, Ken (Winter 2013). 'Revisiting NSC 68'. Journal of Cold War Studies. 15 (1): 3–33. doi:10.1162/JCWS_a_00306. At pp. 3–4, 10–11.
- ^Mitchell, Gordon R. 'BY 'ANY MEASURES' NECESSARY:NSC-68 AND COLD WAR ROOTS OF THE 2002 NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY'. Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh.
- ^Craig, Campbell; Logevall, Fredrik (2012-03-05). America's Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity. Harvard University Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN9780674053670.
- ^Kristen E. Boon; et al. (2011). Assessing President Obama's National Security Strategy. Oxford UP. p. 114. ISBN9780199758241.
- ^U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian - MILESTONES:1945-1952 NSC-68,1950
Further reading[edit]
- Acheson, Dean (1969). Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: Norton. pp. 798 pp. ASIN B0006D5KRE
- Bacevic, Andrew (2008). The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism. Macmillan ISBN0-80508-8156[1]
- Beisner, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (Oxford University Press, 2006) online edition
- Bernstein, Barton J. 'The Truman Presidency and the Korean War,' in Michael James Lacey, ed. The Truman Presidency (1989) pp 410–43 online edition
- Borden, William S. The Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japanese Trade Recovery, 1947-1955. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.
- Callahan, David. Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War. (1990). 507 pp.
- Cardwell, Curt. NSC 68 and the Political Economy of the Early Cold War. (Cambridge, 2011).
- Caridi, Ronald James. 'The G.O.P. and the Korean War.' Pacific Historical Review 1968 37(4): 423-443. ISSN0030-8684in Jstor
- Casey, Steven. Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States, 1950-1953 (2008)
- Casey, Steven. 'Selling NSC-68: The Truman Administration, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Mobilization, 1950-51.' Diplomatic History 2005 29(4): 655-690. ISSN0145-2096 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Chomsky, Noam. Deterring Democracy. (1992). p. 10, 14, 19, 21, 22, 25, 28, 33, 46, 49, 64n2, 91, 100. ISBN0-86091-318-X. Or online edition
- Combs, Jerald A. 'The Compromise That Never Was: George Kennan, Paul Nitze, and the Issue of Conventional Deterrence in Europe, 1949-1952,' Diplomatic History, v. 15, No. 3 (Summer 1991), pp. 347–382:
- Cox, Michael. 'Western Intelligence, the Soviet Threat and NSC-68: A Reply to Beatrice Heuser,' Review of International Studies, 18, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 75–83
- Dockrill, Saki. 'Dealing with Soviet Power and Influence: Eisenhower's Management of U.S. National Security.' Diplomatic History 2000 24(2): 345-352. ISSN0145-2096 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Donnelly, William M. 'The Best Army That Can Be Put in the Field in the Circumstances': the U.S. Army, July 1951-July 1953.' Journal of Military History 2007 71(3): 809-847. ISSN0899-3718 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Fakiolas, Efstathios T. 'Kennan's Long Telegram and NSC-68: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis.' East European Quarterly, Vol. 31, 1998 online edition
- Fautua, David T. 'The 'Long Pull' Army: NSC 68, the Korean War, and the Creation of the Cold War U.s. Army.' Journal of Military History 1997 61(1): 93-120. in Jstor
- Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment. A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (1982)
- Gaddis, John Lewis. 'NSC 68 and the Problem of Ends and Means,' International Security, v. 4, No. 4 (Spring 1980), pp. 164–170 in JSTOR
- Guerrier, Steven Warren. 'NSC-68 and the Truman Rearmament, 1950-1953.' PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1988. 441 pp. DAI 1988 49(5): 1253-A. DA8812899 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Hamby, Alonzo. Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (1998) excerpt and text search
- Hammond, Paul Y. NSC-68: Prologue to Rearmament, in Warner R. Schilling, Paul Y. Hammond, and Glenn H. Snyder, Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets (Columbia University Press, 1962), pp. 267–378
- Heuser, Beatrice. 'NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat: A New Perspective on Western Threat Perception and Policy Making,' Review of International Studies, 17, No. 1 (January 1991), pp. 17–40; rejects notion that US misperceived and overreacted to Stalin's worldwide intentions; she instead says that events after World War II in the Balkans and Korea demonstrate a legitimate basis for NSC 68 and the resulting military buildup.
- Hogan, Michael J. A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. p12
- May, Ernest R., ed. American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68 (1993), with complete text of NSC-68
- Nitze, Paul. 'The Development of NSC 68,' International Security, v.4, No. 4 (Spring 1980), pp. 170-176 in JSTOR
- Nitze, Paul H. From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989.
- Ohanian, Lee E. 'The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: World War II and the Korean War' American Economic Review. 87#1 (1997) pp 23-40 in JSTOR
- Pierpaoli, Paul G. Truman and Korea: The Political Culture of the Early Cold War (1999) online edition
- Rosenberg, David Alan. 'The Origins of Overkill. Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945-1960,' International Security, v. 7, No. 4 (Spring 1983), pp. 3-72;
- Spaulding, Elizabeth Edwards The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism. (2006) 314 pp
- Talbott, Strobe. The Master of the Game: Paul Nitze and the Nuclear Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
- Watry, David M. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.
- Wells, Jr., Samuel F. 'Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat' International Security, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Autumn, 1979), pp. 116-158 in JSTOR
- Young, Ken. 'Revisiting NSC 68'. Journal of Cold War Studies (Winter 2013) 15#1 pp 3–33 review of the article
Primary Sources[edit]
- 'United States Objectives and Programs for National Security - NSC 68', 14 April 1950. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers.
- Alfred Andrea and James Overfield, eds. (2011). The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Volume II: Since 1500. Cengage Learning. pp. 471–74. ISBN978-0495913085.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link), excerpts
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Seminar Paper Selling NSC-68: Mobilization, Public Opinion, and the Korean War, by Steven Casey, London School of Economics
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NSC_68&oldid=950474433'
(RECORD GROUP 70)
1860-1996 (Bulk 1910-90)
Table of Contents
- 70.1 ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY
- 70.2 GENERAL RECORDS 1900-96 (bulk 1910-90)
- 70.2.1 Correspondence
- 70.2.2 Other general records
- 70.2.3 Records of the Assistant Director for Programs
- 70.2.4 Records of Special Assistant to the Director and Chief ofthe War Minerals Supply Division, Harry S. Milliken
- 70.2.5 Records of the Office of Public Information
- 70.3 RECORDS OF THE TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH 1914-42
- 70.3.1 Records of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division
- 70.3.2 Records of the Nonmetals Division (College Park, MD)
- 70.3.3 Records of the Mining Division
- 70.4 RECORDS OF THE ECONOMICS BRANCH 1900-52
- 70.4.1 Records of the Coal Division
- 70.4.2 Records of the Mineral Resources and Statistics Division
- 70.4.3 Records of the Foreign Minerals Division
- 70.4.4 Records of the Common Metals Division
- 70.5 RECORDS OF THE HEALTH AND SAFETY UNITS 1910-72
- 70.5.1 General records
- 70.5.2 Records of the Health Division
- 70.5.3 Records of the Safety Division
- 70.5.4 Records of the Mineral Production Security Division
- 70.6 RECORDS OF THE SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS DIVISION, FUELS ANDEXPLOSIVES BRANCH 1945-56
- 70.7 RECORDS OF THE MINERALS DIVISION
- 70.8 RECORDS OF THE DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES 1956-65
- 70.9 RECORDS OF THE DIVISION OF MINERALS AVAILABILITY 1975-84
- 70.10 RECORDS RELATED TO SPECIAL PROJECTS 1908-62
- 70.11 RECORDS OF FIELD OFFICES 1915-67
- 70.11.1 Records of the Knoxville, TN, Office
- 70.11.2 Records of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division, SanFrancisco, CA Office
- 70.12 RECORDS OF REGIONAL OFFICES 1860-1970 (bulk 1940-65)
- 70.12.1 Records of the Eastern Regional Office (College Park, MD)
- 70.12.2 Records of Region IV (AZ, CO, NM, UT, WY)
- 70.12.3 Records of Region VII (AL, GA, FL, MS, TN, NC, SC)
- 70.12.4 Records of the Western Field Operations Center, Spokane, WA
- 70.13 RECORDS OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS 1917-65
- 70.13.1 Records of the Southern Experiment Station (Tuscaloosa,AL)
- 70.13.2 Records of the Intermountain Experiment Station (SaltLake City, UT; Boulder, CO; Amarillo, TX; and other sites)
- 70.13.3 Records of the North Central Experiment Station(Minneapolis, MN)
- 70.13.4 Records of Pittsburgh Experiment Station (Pittsburgh, PA)
- 70.13.5 Records of the Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center andits predecessor, the Petroleum Research Center (Bartlesville, OK)
- 70.13.6 Other records
- 70.14 RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL COAL MINE SAFETY BOARD OF REVIEW 1952-70
- 70.15 RECORDS OF THE STRIP AND SURFACE MINING STUDY POLICY COMMITTEE 1963-70 (bulk 1965-67)
- 70.16 CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS (GENERAL) 1942-70
- 70.17 MOTION PICTURES
- 70.18 VIDEO RECORDINGS (GENERAL) ca. 1970-1986
- 70.19 SOUND RECORDINGS (GENERAL)
- 70.20 MACHINE-READABLE RECORDS (GENERAL)
- 70.21 STILL PICTURES (GENERAL) 1910-78
70.1 ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY
Established: In the Department of the Interior by the NationalGeologic Mapping Act of 1992 (106 Stat. 172), May 18, 1992.
Predecessor Agencies:
Fuels Division, Technologic Branch, Geological Survey, Departmentof the Interior (1907-10)
- Bureau of Mines (BM), Department of the Interior (DOI, 1910-25)
- BM, Department of Commerce (1925-34)
- BM, DOI (1934-92)
Functions: Administered research programs to improve extraction,processing, distribution, and utilization of mineral resources.Collected, compiled, analyzed, and published statistical andeconomic information on all phases of nonfuel mineral resourcedevelopment.
Abolished: By the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996(110 Stat. 1321), April 26, 1996, which appropriated $64 million to cover closure expenses.
Successor Agencies: (1) U.S. Geological Survey, DOI (minerals information and analysis functions, formerly performed at USBM headquarters byDivisions of Mineral Commodities, International Minerals, and Statistics and InformationServices, and by Office of Special Projects, and in Denver, CO, by Minerals AvailabilityField Office; and functions formerly performed by Division of Finance); (2) Bureau of LandManagement, DOI (mineral assessments on public lands in Alaska; helium operations); and (3) Department of Energy (mine and mineral industry health and safety research, formerly performed at Pittsburgh [PA] and Spokane [WA] Research Centers; minerals extraction, processing,use, and disposal research and investigations, formerly performed at Pittsburgh [PA] and Albany[OR] Research Centers; and mineral waste reclamation research and investigations, formerly performed at Pittsburgh Research Center). All organizational components of Spokane Research Center,and of Pittsburgh Research Center except energy technology units, transferred from Departmentof Energy to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), an agency of theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention of the Department of Health and Human Services,December 22, 1996.
Finding Aids: Preliminary inventory in National Archivesmicrofiche edition of preliminary inventories.
Related Records: Record copies of publications of the Bureau ofMines in RG 287, Publications of the U.S. Government.Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior, RG 48.
Records of the Mine Safety and Health Administration, RG 433.
General Records of the Department of Energy, RG 434.
Records of the Mine Safety and Health Administration, RG 433.
General Records of the Department of Energy, RG 434.
70.2 GENERAL RECORDS
1900-96 (bulk 1910-90)
1900-96 (bulk 1910-90)
History: Technologic Branch, with separate Fuels Division andStructural Materials Division, established in the GeologicalSurvey, April 2, 1907, to handle mining-related assignments ofthe Survey.
Bureau of Mines (BM), established in the Department of the Interior (DOI),effective July 1, 1910, by an act of May 16, 1910 (36 Stat. 369),which authorized transfer of personnel and functions ofTechnologic Branch to BM. Functional review ofactivities performed by Technologic Branch determined that onlyFuels Division should be transferred to BM, withStructural Materials Division to National Bureau of Standards,now National Institute of Standards and Technology (SEE RG 167).
BM transferred to the Department of Commerce effective July 1, 1925, by EO 4239, June4, 1925. Returned to the DOI effective April 24, 1934, by Administrative Order 159,BM, March 10, 1934, implementing EO 6611, February 22, 1934. Redesignated U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1992. SEE 70.1.
Responsibility for developing and implementing programs toprotect the health and safety of workers in mineral industriestransferred to Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration bySecretary's Order 2953, May 7, 1973. Responsibility for mineralfuels research and development transferred to the Energy Researchand Development Administration, established by an act of October11, 1974 (88 Stat. 1234).
70.2.1 Correspondence
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1910-70 (4,808 ft.),with indexes, 1910-69 (1,057 ft.). Formerly security-classified decimal correspondence ('Confidential General Files'), 1936-70, with security-classified index, 1950-66. Selectedcorrespondence ('Data Files'), 1943-70. General correspondence ('Office of the Director--Correspondence'), 1911-70.
70.2.2 Other general records
Textual Records: Draft histories of BM, 1910-60. Monthly record of events, 1911-32. 'Special File,'ca. 1908-ca. 1932 (81 ft.), including correspondence, reports, surveys, and completedquestionnaires, created and accumulated by various BM divisions. Information circulars, 1925-90,and bulletins, 1910-93. Miners' circulars, 1911-58. Numbered reports on domestic minerals vitalto the prosecution of World War II ('War Mineral Reports'), 1942-45. Reports of investigations,1919-89. Technical papers, 1918-49. Minerals yearbooks, 1932-87. Annual reports, 1912-30. Twosets of regional profile books ('Blue Books,' 'Architectural, Historical and Technological Materials'),1952-60 (bulk 1952-53), with the latter set containing additional photographs of theElectrometallurgical Experiment Station, Boulder City, NV, 1952-60. Reports on the synthetic liquid fuels potential of parts of the United States, 1951-52. Publications concerning BM research centers, 1936-88. Other publications, 1968-96. Indexed lists of publications and articles (1910-95), 1966-95. BM-published series of papers on specific mining products and processes ('Economic Papers'), 1928-40. Directives on changes to BM manual, 1955-71. Employeedirectories, 1929-72. Records relating to BM organization and functions, including organizationalcharts and BM-related chapters of DOI manual, 1915-88 (bulk 1935-88).
70.2.3 Records of the Assistant Director for Programs
Textual Records: Project files, 1953-56, including files onsynthetic fuels, coal gasification, explosives technology, andsecondary recovery of petroleum products. Records relating tohealth and safety, including microfilm copy of employment andaccident schedules for coal mines, 1930-35 (89 rolls); for metalmines, 1915-35 (90 rolls); and for nonmetal quarries, 1915-35(51 rolls.)
Related Records: Additional records relating to health and safety under 70.5.
70.2.4 Records of Special Assistant to the Director and Chief of
the War Minerals Supply Division, Harry S. Milliken
the War Minerals Supply Division, Harry S. Milliken
Textual Records: Records ('Alphabetical File,' 'Decimal File') relating to helium production formilitary use, 1921-23.
Subject Access Terms: Petrolia, TX.
70.2.5 Records of the Office of Public Information
Textual Records: Biographical files of BM officials, 1947-81.
70.3 RECORDS OF THE TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH
1914-42
1914-42
History: Established in 1926 from the Division of MineralTechnology as a research unit. Initially composed of Explosives,Mechanical, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Metallurgical, Mining,Helium, Experimental Stations, and Nonmetals Divisions. Abolishedby DOI Order 1704, June 15, 1942, andsuperseded by the Fuels and Explosives Service, which became theFuels and Explosives Branch, 1945. Redesignated Fuels andExplosives Division, 1948, with subordinate units redesignated asdivisions. Abolished, 1955, with branches realigned and elevatedto division status as Divisions of Solid Fuels and Petroleum.
70.3.1 Records of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division
Textual Records: Records relating to foreign and domestic oil andnatural gas production and consumption, consisting of a decimal file, 1914-32, and a country file ('Foreign Data File'), 1917-23.
Maps: World, showing distribution of oil reserves andproduction and the Royal Dutch Shell combination, 1919 (2 items).United States, showing natural gas pipelines and plants, 1929 (1item). SEE ALSO 70.14.
Photographic Prints (391 images): Varied subjects, including laboratorytests of oil shale extraction apparatus; Pennsylvania oil wells; BM exhibits; oil drilling sites and equipment; and views of the 1926 Bartlesville, TX, flood, 1921-29 (PD). SEE ALSO 70.20.
Related Records: SEE UNDER 70.10.2 for records of the San Francisco, CA, office of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division.
70.3.2 Records of the Nonmetals Division (College Park, MD)
Textual Records: Correspondence, reports, studies, and other records relating tononmetallic ores, explosives and metallurgical research, mineral analysis, and mining ('Records at College Park, Maryland'), 1937-42.
Cooking games for laptop free download windows 7. 70.3.3 Records of the Mining Division
Textual Records: Records of BM mineral technologist FrederickW. Horton, 1933-36, consisting of reports and notes relating to California and Idaho mines, including maps,drawings, photographs, and published monographs; and a general file on mica production.
Photographs (255 images): Mines, mineral deposits, and mining equipment in California, taken by Frederick W. Horton, 1933 (FH). SEE ALSO 70.20.
70.4 RECORDS OF THE ECONOMICS BRANCH
1900-52
1900-52
History: Established in 1926, as a research unit. Initiallycomposed of Coal, Mines and Metals, Mineral Resources andStatistics, and Petroleum Economics Divisions. Became theEconomics and Statistics Branch, July 1, 1935. Abolished byDOI Order 1704, June 15, 1942, and supersededby the Economics and Statistics Service, which became theEconomics and Statistics Branch, 1945. Redesignated Economics andStatistics Division, 1948, with subordinate units redesignated asbranches. Abolished, 1950, with branches apportioned among Fuelsand Explosives Division, Health and Safety Division, and newlyestablished Minerals Division.
70.4.1 Records of the Coal Division
Textual Records: Correspondence, reports, and other recordspertaining to coal production, transport, marketing, and laborrelations, including blueprints, drawings, and tracings ('Coal Economics Division Data File'),1900-40. Records of mining engineer Dever C. Ashmead concerning the Pennsylvania anthraciteindustry, 1923-26. Records of Federal Fuel Administrator Francis R.Wadleigh, 1920-25, relating principally to the 1922 coal strike.
Maps (3 items): United States, showing bituminous coal productionby state, interstate movement of coal, and the distribution ofPocahontas-Tug River coal, 1929. SEE ALSO 70.14.
70.4.2 Records of the Mineral Resources and Statistics Division
History: Established as Division of Mineral Resources andStatistics in 1925 from the Coal and Coke Statistics Section(Geological Survey) and Coal and Minerals Division (Bureau ofForeign and Domestic Commerce).
N.c Dept Of Con And Dev 1950 Youtube
Textual Records: Records of Frederick G. Tryon, Chief of the Coaland Coke Statistics Section, 1900-36, principally relating to thecoal strike of 1922. Coal mine production tables ('Fielding Data'), 1925-35. Employmentand accident tables for metal mines, coal mines, coke ovens, quarries, and metallurgicalplants, 1910-40 (129 volumes). Microfilm copy of accident reports, 1930-35 (230 rolls).Reports on coal mine fatalities, 1933-42.
Related Records: Records of the United States Coal Commission, RG68.
70.4.3 Records of the Foreign Minerals Division
We are conveniently located next to Bob Evans on Rt. Precision tune complaints.
History: Established as the Foreign Minerals Service Division,July 1, 1935. Redesignated Foreign Minerals Division, 1936.
Textual Records: Records relating to international aid andassessment of foreign mineral resources and technology, 1941, 1946-52. Records relating to the Point Four Program, 1950-52.
70.4.4 Records of the Common Metals Division
History: Established, with the Rare Metals and NonmetalsDivision, from the Minerals and Metals Division, 1927.Consolidated in Economics Branch reorganization, 1935, with therare metals functions of the Rare Metals and Nonmetals Divisionto form Metals Economic Division.
Maps (1 item): United States, showing the value of production ofgold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and iron ore by state anddistrict yielding over $100,000, 1928. SEE ALSO 70.14.
70.5 RECORDS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY UNITS
1910-72
1910-72
Related Records: Additional records relating to health and safety under 70.2.3.
70.5.1 General records
Textual Records: Records of the Office of the Chief Surgeon, 1916-33. World War IIhistories of the Health and Safety Branch, 1944-46. Mine safety decimal files, 1910-11, includingrecords of the BM's experimental mine at Bruceton, PA. Correspondence of the Office of the DeputyDirector--Health and Safety, 1972.
70.5.2 Records of the Health Division
Textual Records: Records relating to diseases and health concerns, 1922-33.Records of a free clinic operated jointly with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company andthe Tri-State Zinc and Lead Ore Producers' Association at Pitcher, OK, 1927-32 (in Fort Worth).
70.5.3 Records of the Safety Division
Textual Records: Reports on dust explosions, mine fires, andhealth and safety inspections, 1945-47. Records concerning firefighting projects in federally ownedmines or mines included in federal programs, with interfiled maps and drawings, 1949-65.
70.5.4 Records of the Mineral Production Security Division
History: Established 1942.
Textual Records: Records relating to the prevention of sabotageand other interruption of production in the mining industry duringWorld War II, 1941- 45.
70.6 RECORDS OF THE SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUELS DIVISION, FUELS AND
EXPLOSIVES BRANCH
1945-56
EXPLOSIVES BRANCH
1945-56
History: Office of Synthetic Liquid Fuels established in Fuelsand Explosives Service by Administrative Order 409, September 4,1944. Redesignated Synthetic Liquid Fuels Division under Fuelsand Explosives Branch, 1945. Designated a branch under the Fuelsand Explosives Division, 1950. Abolished with Fuels andExplosives Division, 1955.
Textual Records: Correspondence, memorandums, reports, andstudies concerning a program to develop synthetic liquid fuelsfor military purposes, 1945-50. Records of synthetic liquid fuelsexperiment station projects at Bruceton, PA, Morgantown, WV, andLaramie, WY, accumulated by chemical engineer Ezekial L. Clark, including recordsrelating to coal gasification, other types of coal conversion, and shale oil, 1953-56.Records of the synthetic liquid fuel demonstration plant, Louisiana, MO, 1945-53 (bulk 1947-53) in Kansas City.
70.7 RECORDS OF THE MINERALS DIVISION
1951-56
1951-56
History: Established July 27, 1949.
Textual Records: Reports of the Base Metals Branch on various commodities,resulting from a survey conducted by the branch in collaboration with other agencies('Materials Surveys'), 1951-56.
70.8 RECORDS OF THE DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES
1956-65
1956-65
History: Fuels and Explosives Division abolished, with componentbranches realigned and elevated to division status as Divisionsof Solid Fuels and Petroleum, 1955. Division of Solid Fuelsdivided into Divisions of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal, 1956.Division of Environmental Activities formed from Division ofAnthracite, 1968.
Textual Records: Records, including interfiled maps andblueprints, relating to projects, conducted in cooperation withthe Geological Survey and the State of Pennsylvania, to drain,fill, and seal abandoned anthracite mines, 1956-65.
70.9 RECORDS OF THE DIVISION OF MINERALS AVAILABILITY
1975-84
1975-84
Machine-Readable Records (1 data set): Minerals AvailabilitySystem, 1975-84, with supporting documentation.
70.10 RECORDS RELATED TO SPECIAL PROJECTS
1908-62
1908-62
Textual Records: Reports, correspondence, and other recordsconcerning calcium carbide and helium (argon) for lighter-than-air craft, 1917-19. Reports and other records pertaining tochemical and gas warfare research, 1917-19. Office and field records ofthe Navy Alaskan Coal Investigation Expedition, 1908-19,including interfiled maps. Correspondence and reports concerningpotash exploration in New Mexico and Texas, 1927-31. Studies and reports for the WPA's National Research Project on Reemployment Opportunities and Changes in Industrial Techniques, 1937-40. Reports, maps, other records pertaining to bauxite, alumina, and otherores in the Hawaiian Islands, 1941-62, including a report of theGeological Survey. BM final report on the effects, on seven potash mines of the Salida Basin near Carlsbad, NM, of a nuclear underground firing to test peaceful uses of atomic energy (Project Gnome of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Operation Plowshare), 1962.
Photographic Negatives (6 images): Expedition party and canyon landscapes taken by the Navy'sAlaskan Coal Investigation Expedition, 1911 (CE). SEE ALSO 70.20.
Related Records: Records of the Chemical Warfare Service, RG 175.
Subject Access Terms: American University, Washington, DC;Medical Advisory Board; mustard gas; Pershing, Gen. John J.;phosgene.
70.11 RECORDS OF FIELD OFFICES
1915-67
1915-67
History: Prior to establishment of numbered regions in 1949, BM operated through field offices reporting directly to central office branches.
70.11.1 Records of the Knoxville, TN, Office
Textual Records (in Atlanta): Index of Technical Records Branchmineral reports ('Minerals Reports Register'), 1943. Drill holelogs on Eufaula, AL, bauxite, 1943-44.
70.11.2 Records of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division, San
Francisco, CA, Office
Francisco, CA, Office
Textual Records (in San Francisco): Oil and natural gasextraction research project files, 1915-31 and 1963-67, includingmaps and photographs. Administrative records, 1916-48, includingthose relating to health and safety and the development of ElkHills Naval Reserve. Oil research and development records, 1916-23, including those relating to royalties on Indian lands andshale oil reserves.
Related Records: SEE UNDER 70.3.1 for records of the main office of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division.
Subject Access Terms: California State Bureau of Mining; TeapotDome Affair.
70.12 RECORDS OF REGIONAL OFFICES
1860-1991 (bulk 1940-65)
1860-1991 (bulk 1940-65)
History: BM established a wartime regional officesystem in 1942, consisting of Eastern Regional Office (CollegePark, MD), Central Regional Office (Rolla, MO), and WesternRegional Office (Salt Lake City, UT), with subordinate districtoffices. Abolished 1945. New regional system implemented inreorganization of July 27, 1949, which created ninenumbered regions: I (Juneau, AK), II (Albany, OR), III (SanFrancisco, CA), IV (Denver, CO), V (Minneapolis, MN), VI(Amarillo, TX), VII (Norris, TN), VIII (Pittsburgh, PA), and IX(Washington, DC). In a reorganization of 1954, implementedJanuary 1955, the number of regions was reduced to five. OldRegion I was abolished and old Regions II-IV were redesignated asnew Regions I-III. Old Region V was abolished and its functionsdispersed. Old Region VI was redesignated as new Region IV(Bartlesville, OK). Old Regions VII and VIII were consolidatedwith certain jurisdictions formerly under old Region V, to formnew Region V (Pittsburgh, PA). Old Region IX, responsible forforeign operations, was abolished. Regional system abolished,1963. Superseded by Eastern and Western Administrative Offices(Pittsburgh, PA, and Denver CO), providing personnel, payroll,and logistical support to independent metallurgy, coal,petroleum, and mining research centers, and to system of eightMineral Resource Office Areas.
70.12.1 Records of the Eastern Regional Office (College Park, MD)
Textual Records: Central decimal files, 1940-56 (bulk 1940-44,1950-51), including records relating to activities of fieldoffices in the eastern United States.
70.12.2 Records of Region IV (AZ, CO, NM, UT, WY)
Textual Records (in Denver): Records of the Intermountain FieldOperations Center, Denver, consisting of records relatingto the extension of the Leadville, CO, drainage tunnel, 1942-61;project files on mining research in westernColorado and eastern Utah, 1942-53; closed project case files,1940-61; and a microfilm copy of mine maps, access road maps, and engineeringreports for western states and foreign nations, 1896-1980 (157 rolls). Recordsof the Denver Mining Research Center, including mine inspection reports, with related records, 1954-56; and research and development program files, 1950-69. Statements of ore shipments, 1860-1928, acquired by theOffice of Mineral Resources as part of its Mineral IndustriesStatistical Work Project.
70.12.3 Records of Region VII (AL, GA, FL, MS, TN, NC, SC)
Textual Records (in Atlanta): Records of the Mining Division(Tuscaloosa, AL), consisting of correspondence, 1949-50; andcooperative agreements for mining projects with private firms,1952-56. Records of the Mineral Technology Division (Tuscaloosa,AL), consisting of general correspondence and reports, 1950-54;and reports and other records documenting research in mineralsand mining technology, 1943-68. Records of the Fuels TechnologyDivision (Tuscaloosa, AL), including monthly reports, 1954-59;quarterly reports on coal carbonization, 1951-60, and coalpreparation, 1953-70; quarterly reports of experiment stations,1950-60; and program records on development of the TuscaloosaSlot Oven and the Tuscaloosa Sole Oven, 1948-60. Production reports from private firms, 1955-67; coal production records of theOffice of Mineral Industries (Knoxville, TN), including coaltabulation sheets, 1955-59; production reports from firms miningasbestos, bauxite, copper, feldspar, garnet, iron, limestone,mica, phosphate, sandstone, and tungsten, 1952-66; monthlysurveys containing production figures of basic steel producers,1962-63; mine and quarry reports by firms, 1957-66; and noncoalmineral production tabulation sheets for AL, FL, GA, KY, NC, SC,and TN, 1902-59. Records of the Office of Mineral Resources(Knoxville, TN), consisting of records relating to zincexploration in Virginia, 1956-59; program records for Alabama rediron, 1950-52; resource reports for New England mica, 1958-63;and records of a program to determine uranium potential inChattanooga shale, 1952-62; records concerning Tennessee zinc, 1954-58;records relating to a nationwide study of strip and surface mining, implementing section 205(c) of the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 14), March 9, 1965 ('Appalachia Study'), 1965-66; and southern brown iron ore project files, 1959-63. Reports on offshore and coastal area drilling, quarrying, and mining in AL, FL, GA, NC, and SC ('Estuarine Study Reports'), accumulated by the Knoxville, TN, field office, 1950-67.
Subject Access Terms: Foote Mineral; Ford Motors; Mycalex;Princess Coal Sales; Republic Steel; Sloss-Sheffield; StandardOil Development; steel price crisis (1962); Tennessee Coal andIron; U.S. Pipe and Foundry; Woodward Iron.
70.12.4 Records of the Western Field Operations Center, Spokane, WA
Textual Records (in Denver): Case files on mineral properties in CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, and WA ('Mineral Property Files'), 1920-91 (192 ft.).
Maps (2,120 items, in Denver): Mineral deposits at sites in CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, and WA ('Mineral Property File Maps'), 1941-53. SEE ALSO 70.15.
70.13 RECORDS OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
1917-65
1917-65
70.13.1 Records of the Southern Experiment Station (Tuscaloosa,
AL)
AL)
Textual Records (in Atlanta): Station superintendent's correspondence, 1943-55.Project files, with maps, of the Mining Division, 1941-47. Engineers' field notes and maps, 1945-47. Records of Ellis Herzog, a technician with MetallurgicalBranch office at Tuscaloosa, 1932-51. Coke production surveys,1932-55. Mine and quarry reports, 1957-66. Records of the Army Quarry Project, 1948-49.
70.13.2 Records of the Intermountain Experiment Station (Salt
Lake City, UT; Boulder, CO)
Lake City, UT; Boulder, CO)
Textual Records (in Denver): Decimal files, including thosepertaining to shale oil, of the Salt Lake City, UT, station,1918-21, and of its successor at Boulder, CO, 1920-32.
Photographic Prints (550 images): Excell Helium Plant; NavajoHelium Plant, NM; and federal helium plants at Amarillo,Petrolia, and Ft. Worth, TX, 1919-53 (H). SEE ALSO 70.17.
70.13.3 Records of the North Central Experiment Station
(Minneapolis, MN)
(Minneapolis, MN)
Textual Records (in Kansas City): Decimal file, 1927-50, relating mainly to ore reduction research, and particularly to the development of a manganese pilot plant near Chamberlain, SD (1941-47) and a magnesium pilot plant in Dearborn, MI (1942-44). Project files of the Chamberlain, SD, manganese plant, 1941-50. Monthly narrative reports from both headquarters and regional offices, 1917-61.
Aerial Photographs (1,319 items, in Kansas City): Manganesedeposits near Chamberlin, SD, 1946. SEE ALSO 70.16.
70.13.4 Records of Pittsburgh Experiment Station (Pittsburgh, PA)
Textual Records (in Philadelphia): Unpublished research papers onvarious aspects of mining, mine safety, mineral fuels, andrelated subjects, 1917-49. Technical data files relating to operations of the conventional blast furnace, 1941-57.
70.13.5 Records of the Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center and
its predecessor, the Petroleum Research Center (Bartlesville, OK)
its predecessor, the Petroleum Research Center (Bartlesville, OK)
Textual Records (in Fort Worth): Records, includingcorrespondence, reports, and technical studies, relating toresearch on petroleum production, thermodynamics, motor fuels,pollution, and lunar mineral resources, 1918-65.
70.13.6 Other records
Textual Records: DOI collection of reports on various oil shale experiments conducted at experiment stations in Rifle, CO, and Laramie, WY ('Intra-Bureau Reports Relating to Oil Shale Demonstrations'), with interfiled graphs, maps, and photographs, 1945-57.
70.14 RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL COAL MINE SAFETY BOARD OF REVIEW
1952-70
1952-70
History: Established by the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act (66Stat. 692), July 16, 1952, as a quasi-judicial body to decidecoal operators' appeals of actions of federal mine inspectors orof the Director of the Bureau of Mines pursuant to the act.Deactivated March 30, 1970, pursuant to the Federal Coal MineHealth and Safety Act of 1969 (83 Stat. 803), December 30, 1969.
70.15 RECORDS OF THE STRIP AND SURFACE MINING STUDY POLICY COMMITTEE 1963-70 (bulk 1965-67)
History: Established under DOI auspices by section 205(c) of the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 14), March 9, 1965, instructing Secretary of the Interior to study strip and surface mining operations, and to submit policy recommendations for the reclamation and rehabilitation of areas affected by such activities. BM assigned to conduct study, with interagency Policy Committee advising. Working Committee of Policy Committee set up field appraisal teams that gathered information nationwide through questionnaires and on-site examinations. Policy Committee terminated upon submission of final report, published as Surface Mining and Our Environment: A Special Report to the Nation (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967).
Textual Records: Records pertaining to individual states ('State Surface Mining Study Files'), including completed questionnaires, correspondence, field reports, and interfiled photographs, 1963-67. Background material ('General Surface Mining Study Files'), 1963-67, probably maintained by Joseph A. Corgan, Division of Anthracite chief, who served as Working Committee chairman.
Textual Records: Correspondence, minutes, board orders, and casefiles, 1952-70.
70.16 CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS (GENERAL)
1942-70
1942-70
Maps: United States, showing location of safety and experiment stations, ca. 1918, tonnage of metals produced by district, ca. 1922, mineral production by state, 1923-32, and origin and distribution of bituminous coal and lignite, 1944 (4 items). Western states, annotated to show coal areas, ca. 1916 (24 items). States of IL, IN, KY, and WV, showing amounts of coal mined and numbers of men employed in the coal industry, ca. 1916 (4 items). Township plats, maps, and compilation lists relating to oil shale reserves and oil shale classified lands in western states, 1918-21 (176 items). Salt Creek and Teapot area, WY, 1922-25 (6 items). Mining regions, mine sites, and other bureau activities in various states, ca. 1916-29 (520 items). Specific mines located east of the Mississippi River ownedby private firms, with related geologic features, prepared by theEastern Field Operation Center (Pittsburgh, PA) for inclusion inreports, ca. 1942-70 (1000 items).
Engineering Plans (2,500 items): Drawings, blueprints, and tracings of experimental mines, mine sites, chemical laboratories in DC and MD, helium purification plants in NJ, PA, TX, and VA, and mining equipment used in South Africa, ca. 1900-34.
Subject Access Terms: Helium production; Teapot Dome Affair.
SEE Maps UNDER 70.3.1, 70.4.1, 70.4.4 and 70.11.4.SEE Aerial Photographs UNDER 70.12.3.
70.17 MOTION PICTURES (GENERAL)
1913-86
1913-86
General subjects, 1913-ca. 1979 (282 reels), including mining and processing of coal, asbestos, and other materials, 1919-38 and ca. 1943; U.S. and Mexican petroleum industry, 1923-36; automobiles and automobile engines, 1926-36; industrial products, including explosives, steel, and safety glass, 1922-28; steam, water, and electric power, 1922-28 and ca. 1943; the oxyacetylene torch, 1922 and 1938; bureau safety and health education programs, 1913-37; and natural resources and scenery of Arizona and Texas, and national parks, including Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Rocky Mountain, and Shenandoah, 1925-55. Miscellaneous subjects, 1914-79 (55 reels), including the Royalton, IL, mine disaster (Oct. 27, 1914); railway guns at Fort Story, VA (1929); the development of the automobile (a film produced in cooperation with the Studebaker Corporation); footage of press conferences and inspection tours; The Story of the Bureau of Mines; television interviews of BM officials; and 'Safety Tips for Miners,' a series of television spots. Related scripts, production files, and film catalogs, 1930-86.
70.18 VIDEO RECORDINGS (GENERAL)
ca. 1970-1986
ca. 1970-1986
'Take Pride in America,' narrated by Louis Gossett, Jr., 1986 (1 item). 'Out of the Rock,' 1991 (1 item). 'Safer Coal Mining Equipment,' ca. 1970-ca. 1979 (1 item). 'Improved Visibility Aids on Large Haulage Vehicles,' ca. 1970-ca.1979 (1 item). 'Fire Protection Systems for Underground Metal and Non-Metal Mines,' ca. 1970-ca. 1979 (1 item). 'Improved Arc Stability in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking,' ca. 1970-ca. 1979 (1 item). 'Ground Control Technology,' ca. 1970-ca. 1979 (1 item). 'Electromagnetic Fire Warning Alarm for Underground Mines,' ca. 1970-ca. 1979 (1 item).
70.19 SOUND RECORDINGS (GENERAL)
ca. 1952-ca. 1987
ca. 1952-ca. 1987
Testimony of United Mine Workers of America (UMW) President John L. Lewis at a hearing of the Special Subcommittee on Mine Safety of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, January 30, 1952 (4 items). BM Director Walter R. Hibbard, Jr., speaking informally at the Denver Federal Center, January 20, 1966 (1 item); and being interviewed by Freeman Bishop, December 27, 1966 (1 item). Radio spot announcements on safety tips for miners, n.d. (1 item); mine inspector recruitment, n.d. (1 item); haulage safety campaign, featuring BM Director Elburt F. Osborn, n.d. (1 item); and the Monangah Mine explosion, n.d. (1 item). Unsynchronized sound recorded on location, n.d.-ca. 1987 (14 items).
70.20 MACHINE-READABLE RECORDS (GENERAL)
SEE UNDER 70.8.
N.c Dept Of Con And Dev 1950 Movie
70.21 STILL PICTURES (GENERAL)
1910-78
1910-78
Photographs (95,000 images): General photographicfiles, illustrating mines, mining activities, equipment,personnel, facilities, housing, types of minerals, experiments,and safety techniques, ca. 1910-78 (G).
Photographic Prints (2,454 images): Generalphotographic files, as described above, ca. 1910-78 (GP, 1,800images). Chemical Warfare Service activities at its AmericanUniversity Experiment Station, Washington, DC, in albums, 1917-18 (CW, 103 images).Excell (TX) Helium Plant; Navajo Helium Plant, Shiprock, NM; and federal helium plants at Amarillo, Petrolia, and Ft. Worth, TX, 1919-53 (H, 550 images). Panoramic view of a copper mine, showing the stripped levels, hand-tinted in blue and orange, n.d. (MOD, 1 image).
Posters (43 images): Collected by BM National Fuel Efficiency Program unit, stressing fuel conservation, 1944-45 (FCP).
SEE Photographs UNDER 70.3.3.
SEE Photographic Prints UNDER 70.12.2.
SEE Photographic Negatives UNDER 70.9.
SEE Photographic Prints UNDER 70.12.2.
SEE Photographic Negatives UNDER 70.9.
Finding Aids: Shelflist (GS) and index (GX) to photographicseries G and GP. Publicity file (FE) to poster series (FCP).
Bibliographic note: Web version based on Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States. Compiled by Robert B. Matchette et al. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.3 volumes, 2428 pages.
N.c Dept Of Con And Dev 1950 Movie
This Web version is updated from time to time to include records processed since 1995.